The Fourth Century AD
The Apostolic and the Second Golden Age of the Church
His Holiness begins by stating that the apostolic age of the first century was the brightest era of the Church due to the work of the apostles and the Holy Spirit. The fourth century, however, is considered the Church’s second golden age, marked by ecumenical councils and deep spiritual growth.
1. Councils and Canon Laws
The fourth century witnessed the First Council of Nicaea (325 AD) and the Council of Constantinople (381 AD), which established the first church canons and strengthened Orthodox faith against heresies and apostasy.
2. The Spread of Coptic Monasticism
His Holiness describes how monasticism began in Egypt through St. Anthony the Great and spread worldwide. The writings of St. Athanasius on Anthony’s life inspired monastic life in Europe. Important texts like The Paradise of the Fathers and The Institutes laid the foundations of Christian asceticism.
3. The Fathers Who Defended the Faith
The fourth century was filled with defenders of Orthodoxy such as St. Athanasius the Apostolic, who fought Arianism steadfastly; St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the Theologian, St. Hilary of Poitiers, and St. Augustine—all pillars of Christian theology.
4. Spiritual and Theological Depth
This century united spiritual depth with theological clarity through saints like Didymus the Blind, St. Ephraim the Syrian—“Harp of the Holy Spirit,” and St. John Chrysostom, who combined preaching with deep exegesis and holiness.
5. Politics and the Church
The Edict of Milan (313 AD) granted freedom of religion but also brought political interference into church affairs. His Holiness notes how figures like St. Athanasius resisted imperial influence and upheld the purity of faith.
6. Three Icons of the Fourth Century
Pope Shenouda highlights three towering figures:
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St. Athanasius the Apostolic – depth of theology and courage in faith.
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St. Ephraim the Syrian – spirituality, poetry, and divine contemplation.
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St. John Chrysostom – practical preaching and biblical interpretation.
Together, they represent the union of intellect, spirit, and pastoral service.
Main Message:
The fourth century stands as the age of councils, monasticism, and the great fathers who confirmed Orthodox faith and shaped the Church’s theology and spirituality for all generations.
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